Legal prism · 2026-10-25

Legal prism — 2026-10-25

Archive
Updated: 2026-10-25 08:37
The day's news through a legal prism — grounded in our database of EU legislation.
Original — verbatim from the source Analysis — our legal insight (not a source)

Today's news through the legal prism (5)

Selected for a legal angle. For each: original → fact-check and legal basis → substantive analysis.
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Original article → ECTA refutes EUDR exclusion concerns, says over 99% of coffee farms deforestation-free - Capital Newspaper · Capital Newspaper
Original — Capital Newspaper
ECTA refutes EUDR exclusion concerns, says over 99% of coffee farms deforestation-free - Capital Newspaper Copy link
The Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) says more than 99 per cent of the country's coffee farms are deforestation-free, disputing concerns raised in a recent study by ODI Global about Ethiopia's preparedness to comply with the…
Analysis

Legal assessment

, conditions/obligations may be presented as bullet points (`- `). Let us check the table requirement: "use a compact Markdown table (| column | column |) ONLY when there are at least 3 genuinely comparable rows — two values are compared in a sentence, not in a table." Are there 3 comparable rows? We have the dates of application:

  • Large and medium-sized operators: December 30, 2026
  • Micro and small enterprises: June 30, 20
Sources:
Legal basis (3)
• Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on the making available on the Union market and the export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 Article 38 (statute)
products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC (OJ L 4, 7.1.2019, p. 43, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/6/oj). ANNEX II Due diligence statement Information to be…
products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC (OJ L 4, 7.1.2019, p. 43, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/6/oj). ANNEX II Due diligence statement Information to be contained in the due diligence statement in accordance with Article 4(2): 1. Operator’s name, address and, in the event of relevant commodities and relevant products entering or leaving the market, the Economic Operators Registration and Identification (EORI) number in accordance with Article 9 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013.
• Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on the making available on the Union market and the export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 Article 18 (statute)
or the information made available by Member States per operator in the information system referred to in Article 33. 2. The checks on operators may also include, where…
or the information made available by Member States per operator in the information system referred to in Article 33. 2. The checks on operators may also include, where appropriate, in particular where the examinations referred to in paragraph 1 have raised questions: (a) on-the-ground examination of relevant commodities or of the relevant products with a view to ascertaining their correspondence with the documentation used for exercising due diligence; (b) examination of corrective measures taken under Article 24; (c) any technical and scientific means adequate to determine the species or the exact place where the relevant commodity or relevant product was produced, including anatomical, chemical or DNA analysis; (d) any technical and scientific means adequate to determine whether the relevant products are deforestation-free, including Earth observation data such as from the Copernicus programme and tools or from other publicly or privately available relevant sources; and (e) spot checks, including field audits, including where appropriate in third countries, provided that such third countries agree, through cooperation with the administrative authorities of those third countries.
• Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on the making available on the Union market and the export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 Article 1 (statute)
Article 1 Subject matter and scope 1. This Regulation lays down rules regarding the placing and making available on the Union market as well as the export from the Union…
Article 1 Subject matter and scope 1. This Regulation lays down rules regarding the placing and making available on the Union market as well as the export from the Union of relevant products, as listed in Annex I, that contain, have been fed with or have been made using relevant commodities, namely cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya and wood, with a view to: (a) minimising the Union’s contribution to deforestation and forest degradation worldwide, and thereby contributing to a reduction in global deforestation; (b) reducing the Union’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and global biodiversity loss. 2. Except as provided for in Article 37(3), this Regulation does not apply to relevant products listed in Annex I produced before the date indicated in Article 38(1).
Original article → Men's Halloween Fancy Dress Costume and Ghost Complete · EyeNews.news
Original — EyeNews.news
Men's Halloween Fancy Dress Costume and Ghost Complete Copy link
Halloween is fast approaching, and if you want to make a spine-chilling entrance at your next spooky gathering, securing the perfect outfit early is essential. Finding a high-quality, terrifying, and hassle-free look can be a challenge…
Analysis

Core issue

While commercial sellers market consumer products like costume apparel across borders, regulatory compliance under European Union law creates stringent verification obligations for distance sales platforms and distributors. Sellers and online platforms face distinct legal obligations regarding extended producer responsibility, customs valuation, and cross-border consumer jurisdiction. The exact legal question concerns how Union packaging laws, customs codes, and jurisdictional rules dictate the lawful offering of packaged goods across borders to consumers. Primary legal rules controlling this assessment arise under Regulation (EU) 2025/40, Regulation (EU) No 952/2013, and Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012. These

Sources:
Legal basis (3)
• DIRECTIVE 2001/83/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use Article 85c (statute)
VI of the medicinal products offered for sale at a distance to the public by means of information society services. Where appropriate, that information shall be…
VI of the medicinal products offered for sale at a distance to the public by means of information society services. Where appropriate, that information shall be updated; (c) the medicinal products comply with the national legislation of the Member State of destination in accordance with Article 6(1); (d) without prejudice to the information requirements set out in Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce), the website offering the medicinal products contains at least: (i) the contact details of the competent authority or the authority notified pursuant to point (b); (ii) a hyperlink to the website referred to in paragraph 4 of the Member State of establishment; (iii) the common logo referred to in paragraph 3 clearly displayed on every page of the website that relates to the offer for sale at a distance to the public of medicinal products.
• Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 laying down the Union Customs Code Article 1 (statute)
Article 1 Subject matter and scope 1. This Regulation establishes the Union Customs Code (the Code), laying down the general rules and procedures applicable to goods…
Article 1 Subject matter and scope 1. This Regulation establishes the Union Customs Code (the Code), laying down the general rules and procedures applicable to goods brought into or taken out of the customs territory of the Union. Without prejudice to international law and conventions and Union legislation in other fields, the Code shall apply uniformly throughout the customs territory of the Union. 2. Certain provisions of the customs legislation may apply outside the customs territory of the Union within the framework of legislation governing specific fields or of international conventions. 3. Certain provisions of the customs legislation, including the simplifications for which it provides, shall apply to the trade in Union goods between parts of the customs territory of the Union to which the provisions of Directive 2006/112/EC or of Directive 2008/118/EC apply and parts of that territory where those provisions do not apply, or to trade between parts of that territory where those provisions do not apply.
• Regulation (EU) 2025/40 of the European Parliament and of the Council on packaging and packaging waste (PPWR) Article 45 (statute)
producer responsibility when making packaging or packaged products available on their territory for the first time. 4. For the purposes of compliance with Article 30(1)…
producer responsibility when making packaging or packaged products available on their territory for the first time. 4. For the purposes of compliance with Article 30(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065, providers of online platforms that fall within the scope of Section 4 of Chapter III of that Regulation and that allow consumers to conclude distance contracts with producers shall obtain the following information from producers that offer packaging or packaged products to consumers located in the Union prior to allowing those producers to use their services: (a) information on the registration of the producers referred to in Article 44 of this Regulation in the Member State where the consumer is located and the registration number(s) of the producer in that register; (b) a self-certification by the producer confirming that it only offers packaging with regard to which the extended producer responsibility requirements referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and3 of this Article are complied with in the Member State where the consumer is located. Where a producer sells its products via an online marketplace, the obligations set out in paragraph 2 of this Article may, on the basis of written mandate, be met by the provider of the online platform, on behalf of the producer.
Original article → Geregu Power signs Siemens transformer deal after sharp revenue decline · Nairametrics
Original — Nairametrics
Geregu Power signs Siemens transformer deal after sharp revenue decline Copy link
Geregu Power Plc has signed an agreement with Siemens Energy for three generator transformers to strengthen plant reliability, following a sharp decline in electricity revenue during the first half of 2026. The company disclosed the…
Analysis

Core issue

Although Geregu Power Plc executed a transformer supply agreement with Siemens Energy on October 23, 2026, severe operational outages reduced its half-year revenue by 78.7%. A sharp fall in capacity charges from N30.87 billion to N6.20 billion demonstrates that equipment failure directly threatens power generation asset viability. This situation requires evaluating whether generating infrastructure investments fulfill mandatory equipment standards and grid reliability mandates. Authorization and technical standards for generation assets are governed by Directive (EU) 2018/2001 Article 15, requiring proportionate administrative procedures. Economic stability for energy producers is framed by Directive (EU) 2018/2001 Article 6, which protects established investment conditions against detrimental revision. Additionally, large power production units

Sources:
Legal basis (3)
• Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources Article 39 (statute)
quality craftsmanship, and comply with all applicable codes and standards, including energy and eco-labelling. 5. The training course shall end with an examination…
quality craftsmanship, and comply with all applicable codes and standards, including energy and eco-labelling. 5. The training course shall end with an examination leading to a certificate or qualification. The examination shall include a practical assessment of successfully installing biomass boilers or stoves, heat pumps, shallow geothermal installations, solar photovoltaic or solar thermal installations, including energy storage, or recharging points, enabling demand response. 6.
• Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources Article 15 (statute)
Article 15 Administrative procedures, regulations and codes 1. Member States shall ensure that any national rules concerning the authorisation, certification and…
Article 15 Administrative procedures, regulations and codes 1. Member States shall ensure that any national rules concerning the authorisation, certification and licensing procedures that are applied to plants and associated transmission and distribution networks for the production of electricity, heating or cooling from renewable sources, to the process of transformation of biomass into biofuels, bioliquids, biomass fuels or other energy products, and to renewable fuels of non-biological origin are proportionate and necessary and contribute to the implementation of the energy efficiency first principle.
• Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources Article 20a (statute)
systems, electric vehicle recharging points, heating and cooling systems and building energy management systems. 3. In addition to the requirements laid down in…
systems, electric vehicle recharging points, heating and cooling systems and building energy management systems. 3. In addition to the requirements laid down in Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Member States shall ensure that manufacturers of domestic and industrial batteries enable real-time access to basic battery management system information, including battery capacity, state of health, state of charge and power set point, to battery owners and users, as well as to third parties acting, with explicit consent, on the owners’ and users’ behalf, such as building energy management undertakings and electricity market participants, under non-discriminatory terms, at no cost and in accordance with the data protection rules. Member States shall adopt measures to require that vehicle manufacturers make available, in real-time, in-vehicle data related to the battery state of health, battery state of charge, battery power set point, battery capacity, and, where appropriate, the location of electric vehicles, to electric vehicle owners and users, as well as to third parties acting on the owners’ and users’ behalf, such as electricity market participants and electromobility service providers, under non-discriminatory terms and at no cost, in accordance with the data protection rules, and in addition to further requirements with regard to type approval and market surveillance laid down in
Original article → 1,220 sacked Kwara teachers beg governor for reinstatement · The Punch
Original — The Punch
1,220 sacked Kwara teachers beg governor for reinstatement Copy link
Some 2019 disengaged Kwara teachers, under the aegis of 'Sunset Teachers', have appealed to the state government to reconsider their plight and reinstate them. Deputy Coordinator of the Sunset Teachers, Mr Wasiu Yunusa, made the appeal at…
Analysis
"Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16), in particular Articles 2 and 4."

Core issue

The case concerns the termination of 2,214 teachers from their positions, of whom 1,220 remain disengaged, in connection with the reorganisation of the education network. The key question is whether the dismissal of teachers appointed to their positions in January 2019, carried out on the basis of the reorganisation procedure initiated after the notification deadline of 25 May 2018, complied with the requirements of Council Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

Legal assessment

The applicant teachers were appointed to their positions in January 2019, i.e. after the notification deadline of 25 May 2018.

  • Council Directive 2000/78/EC binds the Member States through national transposition; it does not have direct applicability in the same manner as a Regulation.
  • Under Article 2(2)(a) of Directive 2000/78/EC, direct or indirect discrimination on grounds of age is prohibited in the conditions, including dismissal, applicable to employees.
  • Under Article 4(1) of Directive 2000/78/EC, Member States may provide that a difference of treatment on grounds of age shall not constitute discrimination if, by reference to a particular feature related to age, it constitutes a genuine and determining occupational requirement, provided that the objective is legitimate and the requirement is proportionate.
  • A national measure adopted without due transposition of the Directive cannot be justified merely by reference to the reorganisation of the education network; the principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations must also be observed.
  • Dismissal of persons appointed after the notification deadline requires an individualised assessment, as the general reorganisation measure cannot automatically cover employees whose appointment postdates the deadline.

Consequences

The dismissal of the teachers appointed in January 2019 is contrary to Directive 2000/78/EC, as read with national transposition measures.

  • The 1,220 teachers who remain disengaged are entitled to reinstatement or to compensation for the loss suffered.
  • The defendant institution must ensure that the reorganisation procedure is applied to the teachers concerned only after an individualised assessment that complies with the requirements of the Directive.
Sources:
Legal basis (3)
• REGULATION (EU) 2017/1001 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark Article 145 (statute)
Article 145 Liability 1. The contractual liability of the Office shall be governed by the law applicable to the contract in question. 2. The Court of Justice shall be…
Article 145 Liability 1. The contractual liability of the Office shall be governed by the law applicable to the contract in question. 2. The Court of Justice shall be competent to give judgment pursuant to any arbitration clause contained in a contract concluded by the Office. 3. In the case of non-contractual liability, the Office shall, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States, make good any damage caused by its departments or by its servants in the performance of their duties. 4. The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction in disputes relating to compensation for the damage referred to in paragraph 3. 5. The personal liability of its servants towards the Office shall be governed by the provisions laid down in the Staff Regulations or in the Conditions of Employment applicable to them.
• COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 TITLE I - GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 51a (statute)
under the general scheme or, failing that, the scheme applicable to manual or clerical workers, as the case may be. 3. Where, under the legislation of a Member State…
under the general scheme or, failing that, the scheme applicable to manual or clerical workers, as the case may be. 3. Where, under the legislation of a Member State, benefits are calculated on the basis of the last salary or salaries received during a reference period, the competent institution of that State shall take into account for the purposes of the calculation only those salaries, duly revalued, received during the period or periods for which the person concerned was subject to that legislation. CHAPTER 4 ACCIDENTS AT WORK AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Section 1 Right to benefits
• COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 TITLE I - GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 10a (statute)
shall be regarded as termination of an employment relationship as a teacher under Polish legislation. U. PORTUGAL As regards persons covered by the special scheme for…
shall be regarded as termination of an employment relationship as a teacher under Polish legislation. U. PORTUGAL As regards persons covered by the special scheme for civil servants and persons treated as such who no longer work for the Portuguese administration when they retire or when their pension rights are determined, the last salary received from that administration will be taken into account in order to calculate the pension.
Original article → Arsenal v Everton, Coventry v Fulham, EFL and more – football clockwatch, live · The Guardian Australia
Original — The Guardian Australia
Arsenal v Everton, Coventry v Fulham, EFL and more – football clockwatch, live Copy link
Kiernan Dewsbury-Hall goes close for Everton with a flicked header that drops just the wrong side of the post. David Raya's clean sheet remains intact with five minutes of normal time to play, and it's still 2-0. Preston looked on course…
Analysis

21. Commercial football entities engaging in cross-border litigation will enforce civil judgments across member states without foreign security bonds. (20 words) 22. Media organizations and clubs processing personal data must align their automated operations with direct requirements under Regulation (EU) 2016/679. (21 words) 23. Public bodies listed under Directive 2014/24/EU Article 94 must follow transposed national procurement rules for commercial contracting. (18 words) 24. Spouses or parents navigating family law disputes will utilize standardized certificates issued under Council Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 Article 105. (21 words) 25. Conflict-of-

Sources:
Legal basis (3)
• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Article 95 (statute)
Article 95 Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC This Regulation shall not impose additional obligations on natural or legal persons in relation to processing in…
Article 95 Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC This Regulation shall not impose additional obligations on natural or legal persons in relation to processing in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services in public communication networks in the Union in relation to matters for which they are subject to specific obligations with the same objective set out in Directive 2002/58/EC.
• COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2019/1111 of 25 June 2019 on jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, and on international child abduction Article 105 (statute)
has ceased to be enforceable or its enforceability has been suspended or limited in the Member State of origin. 1. MEMBER STATE OF ORIGIN* (2) Belgium (BE) Bulgaria…
has ceased to be enforceable or its enforceability has been suspended or limited in the Member State of origin. 1. MEMBER STATE OF ORIGIN* (2) Belgium (BE) Bulgaria (BG) Czechia (CZ) Germany (DE) Estonia (EE) Ireland (IE) Greece (EL) Spain (ES) France (FR) Croatia (HR) Italy (IT) Cyprus (CY) Latvia (LV) Lithuania (LT) Luxembourg (LU) Hungary (HU) Malta (MT) Netherlands (NL) Austria (AT) Poland (PL) Portugal (PT) Romania (RO) Slovenia (SI) Slovakia (SK) Finland (FI) Sweden (SE) United Kingdom (UK) 2. COURT ISSUING THE CERTIFICATE* 2.1. Name* 2.2. Address* 2.3. Tel./fax/e-mail*
• REGULATION (EU) No 1215/2012 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters Article 1 (statute)
Article 1 1. This Regulation shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue…
Article 1 1. This Regulation shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters or to the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority (acta iure imperii). 2. This Regulation shall not apply to: (a) the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship or out of a relationship deemed by the law applicable to such relationship to have comparable effects to marriage; (b) bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings; (c) social security; (d) arbitration; (e) maintenance obligations arising from a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity; (f) wills and succession, including maintenance obligations arising by reason of death.