CASE OF BARFUSS v. THE CZECH REPUBLIC
(Application no. 35848/97)
31 July 2000
31/10/2000
This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention.
In the case of Barfuss v. the Czech Republic,
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Mr J.-P. Costa, President
Mr W. Fuhrmann,
Mr L. Loucaides,
Mr P. Kūris,
Mr K. Jungwiert,
Sir Nicolas Bratza
Mr K. Traja, judges,
and Mrs S. Dollé, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 7 September 1999 and 11 July 2000,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that last-mentioned date :
1The case originated in an application (no. 35848/97) against the Czech Republic lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Czech citizen, Mr Jiří Barfuss (“the applicant”), on 5 February 1997.
2The applicant was represented by Mr O. Choděra, a lawyer practising in Prague. The Government of the Czech Republic (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr E. Slavík, of the Ministry of Justice.
The application concerned the applicant’s detention on remand and the criminal proceedings brought against him.
3On 4 March 1998 the Commission decided to communicate the application to the respondent Government. The Government’s written observations were submitted on 14 May 1998. The applicant replied on 22 September 1998.
4On 1 November 1998, by operation of Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention, the case fell to be examined by the Court in accordance with the provisions of that Protocol. The case was assigned to the Third Section.
5On 7 September 1999 the Court declared admissible the applicant’s complaint under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention that there had been a breach of his right to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial, and his complaint under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings. It declared inadmissible the remainder of the application concerning the lawfulness of the applicant’s detention on remand.
6On the same day the Court decided that it was not necessary to hold a hearing.
7On 1 November and 22 December 1999 and 12 May 2000 the parties submitted their observations on the question of just satisfaction.
8On 19 May 1994 the applicant was charged with fraud under Article 250 §§ 1 and 4 of the Criminal Code, it being alleged that in November 1991 and January 1992, he had deceived the Czech Commercial Bank (Česká komerční banka) and the Pragobank (Pragobanka) by concluding two loan contracts for CZK 5,000,000 and CZK 57,000,000, without informing the banks that he had previously incurred debts of CZK 4,900,000, CZK 21,217,000 and CZK 15,000,000. On the same day, the applicant was arrested.
9On 20 May 1994 the Karlovy Vary District Court (okresní soud) (“the District Court”) ordered the applicant’s detention on remand under Article 67 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with effect from 19 May 1994, stating that the applicant could influence witnesses who had not been heard by the police. At the same time, the court refused to release the applicant on bail or on oath. The applicant challenged the order claiming that he was prepared to satisfy his creditors and did not intend to abscond or influence the witnesses. He repeated his request to be released, invoking his health problems.
10On 17 June 1994 the Plzeň Regional Court (krajský soud) (“the Regional Court”), referring to Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, noted that the applicant was under threat of a heavy prison sentence which justified the concern of the court that he would abscond and evade the criminal proceedings. It further noted that the applicant had already been prosecuted, had abused alcohol in recent years and would probably not be able to compensate for the damage he had caused to the banks immediately. The court refused to release the applicant on bail.
11On 26 October 1994 the applicant was charged with ten further acts of fraud, pursuant to Article 250 §§ 1 and 4 of the Criminal Code, which he had allegedly committed between 12 July 1991 and 9 September 1992. The damage was estimated at CZK 185,000,000.
12On 19 September 1995 the Plzeň Regional Prosecutor (krajský státní zástupce) formally indicted the applicant before the Regional Court. A preliminary hearing was held on 11 April 1996. The court decided to send the case back to the Regional Prosecutor for further investigations and the taking of evidence. On 18 July 1996 the High Court (Vrchní soud) quashed this decision and ordered the Regional Court to deal with the case.
13On 19 August 1996 the President of the Chamber (předseda senátu) of the Regional Court informed the applicant’s representative that it would be impossible to deal with the case before March 1997, because of the overwhelming workload of the court and the chamber dealing with the case.
14On 27 August 1996 the Vice-President of the Regional Court (místopředseda soudu) transferred the applicant’s case to another chamber which would be able to deal with it without delay. On 2 September 1996 the Plzeň Regional Court decided to transfer the case to the Prague Regional Court, pursuant to Articles 18 § 1 and 188 § 1(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as it appeared from the primary evidence and witness statements that the offences had been committed in Prague. On 4 October 1996 the Prague Regional Court refused to deal with the case on the grounds that the indictment had been lodged with the Plzeň Regional Court which had already held the preliminary hearing, and that one of the banks concerned had its seat in the Plzeň region. On 30 October 1996 the High Court decided that the Plzeň Regional Court was competent to deal with the case.
15On 30 January 1997 the Regional Court scheduled substantive hearings for 12-13 March, 1-4 April, 7-10 April and 21-24 April 1997. The hearing held on 24 April 1997 was adjourned (no new date being fixed) as the court considered it necessary to hear further witnesses and to obtain further documentary evidence. On 11 September 1997 the substantive hearing continued and was adjourned until 7 November 1997 because of the applicant’s request to take further evidence.
16On 7 November 1997 the Regional Court convicted the applicant of fraud under Article 250 §§ 1 and 4 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him, inter alia, to nine years' imprisonment. On 26 March 1998 the High Court, after a public hearing on 9 December 1997, upheld this judgment.
17On 4 November 1994 the District Court extended the applicant’s detention on remand until 19 February 1995. The court held that the detention was necessary, within the meaning of Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as there was a danger that the applicant would abscond. It stated that the extension of the charges against the applicant would necessitate further investigation, including the hearing of employees of the banks concerned and the gathering of further documentary evidence.
18On 6 February 1995 the District Court, at the District Prosecutor’s request, extended the applicant’s detention on remand until 19 June 1995, having regard to the further investigations and the risk that the applicant would abscond.
19On 8 June 1995 the District Court, at the District Prosecutor’s request, extended the applicant’s detention on remand until 19 September 1995. The District Prosecutor submitted that the investigating authorities had not been provided with an accounting expert’s report or with the statements of two witnesses living in Germany. The court found that the applicant’s release would frustrate or impede the purpose of the criminal proceedings. The applicant appealed against this decision, claiming that his company, “Georgia”, had begun to meet its outstanding debts. On 10 July 1995 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s complaint and upheld the findings of the District Court.
20On 11 April 1996, at the end of the preliminary hearing, the Regional Court decided, under Section 192 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to keep the applicant in custody on the grounds that the reasons for his original detention continued to apply. On 18 July 1996 the High Court upheld this decision.
21On 30 April 1996 the President of the Chamber of the Regional Court requested the High Court to grant an extension of the applicant’s detention on remand until 30 November 1996, stating that the indictment had only been preferred on 19 September 1995 and that the court had repeatedly had to deal with the applicant’s requests for release. He noted that the consideration of the case-file had been concluded on 11 April 1996, when his court had decided to send the case back to the prosecutor for further investigations and to keep the applicant in detention. He further noted that, in view of the nature and extent of the further investigations, and in the event that the court’s decision were to be upheld, the examination of further evidence would take several months. He also stated that the chamber was overburdened with work until the end of 1996.
22On 17 May 1996 the High Court granted the request and extended the applicant’s detention on remand until 30 November 1996, pursuant to Article 71 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It referred to the complex character of the case and the necessity to examine further evidence. The court stated inter alia that, given the legal classification of the applicant’s offence, he was likely to be sentenced to a lengthy term of imprisonment if convicted. It also noted that, having numerous contacts abroad and being in debt, the applicant might abscond. It considered, therefore, that the applicant’s detention was necessary within the meaning of Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On 12 June 1996 the Supreme Court (Nejvyšší soud) upheld this extension and found that the applicant’s alleged health problems were not sufficient to convince the court that the applicant would not abscond.
23On 19 November 1996 the High Court, at the request of the President of the Chamber of the Regional Court, extended the applicant's detention on remand until 15 May 1997, pursuant to Article 71 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The reasons given for the extension were similar to those given for the previous extension. The court noted that the length of the proceedings was due to the length of the investigation and the complexity of the case.
24On 26 November 1996 the applicant lodged a complaint against this decision with the Supreme Court. He contested the High Court’s arguments and noted that his detention had lasted 16 months, that the indictment had been presented 14 months ago and that no substantive hearing had been held so far. On 19 December 1996 the Supreme Court rejected the complaint, upholding the findings of the High Court.
25On 23 April 1997 the President of the Chamber of the Regional Court requested the High Court to extend the applicant’s detention on remand until 30 October 1997, pursuant to Article 71 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. He stated that during the substantive hearing the applicant had changed his defence strategy and that this had required a hearing of further witnesses living in Germany, who would not appear before the court but would be heard by the German authorities in May 1997. He noted that the applicant had acknowledged that he had voluntarily suppressed certain facts upon the advice of his legal representative. The President of the Chamber further stated that the fear of the applicant’s absconding was reinforced by the fact that, if he left the country for Germany, he could acquire German citizenship, which would prevent the Czech authorities from seeking his extradition.
26On 12 May 1997 the High Court granted the request. On 6 June 1997 the Supreme Court rejected the applicant’s complaint against this decision and upheld the High Court’s findings that the nature of the offence with which the applicant had been charged, and his contacts abroad, substantiated the reasons for his detention under Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
27On 21 October 1997 the High Court, at the request of the President of the Chamber of the Regional Court, ordered the applicant's continued detention on remand until 31 December 1997, for reasons similar to those given for the previous extension. On 26 November 1997 the Supreme Court dismissed the applicant’s challenge to this extension.
28On 15 December 1997 the High Court extended the applicant’s detention on remand until 19 May 1998. The court stated that it could not deal with the applicant’s appeal against conviction until 31 December 1997. It further stated that, having regard to the extent of the applicant’s criminal activities, the damage caused by him, the length of the sentence of imprisonment which the applicant faced if his conviction were upheld and the danger of his absconding, there was the risk that, if released, he would impede or frustrate the purpose of the criminal proceedings. The court did not find any particular delay in the proceedings.
29On 14 January 1998 the Supreme Court upheld the High Court’s decision. It found that the reasons invoked by the High Court were relevant and sufficient within the meaning of Article 71 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The court noted that the judgment of the Regional Court, by which the applicant had been sentenced to nine years’ imprisonment, had not yet come into effect and held that the applicant’s detention was necessary in order to prevent his absconding. The decision to extend it until 19 May 1998 was therefore justified under Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
30On 19 July 1994 the District Court rejected the applicant’s request for release, finding that the evidence taken during the investigation created a reasonable suspicion that he had committed the offences. It therefore considered his detention necessary within the meaning of Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On 15 August 1994 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s complaint against this decision, referring to its findings of 17 June 1994 (see paragraph 10 above) and stating that the reasons for the applicant’s detention continued to apply.
31On 14 September 1994 the applicant lodged a further request for release. He submitted inter alia that his detention prevented him from taking any steps to compensate for the losses he had caused. On 17 September 1994 the District Court rejected the request. On 17 October 1994 the Regional Court rejected the applicant’s complaint against this decision.
32On 28 November 1994 the applicant lodged his third request for release, denying that he had committed the offences. On 15 December 1994 the District Court rejected his request, referring to the establishment of the facts of the case and the state of the investigation, and found that the applicant’s detention on remand was justified under Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On 20 January 1995 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s complaint against this decision.
33On 27 February 1995 the District Court rejected the applicant’s request for release of 14 February 1995, in which the applicant referred to his aggravated health problems and complained about unjustified delays in the investigation. The court stated that the reasons for the applicant’s detention continued to apply and that his health problems did not allay the court’s concern that he would abscond or evade the criminal proceedings. It further noted that his detention on remand did not endanger the applicant’s health or life.
34The applicant lodged a complaint against the District Court’s decision. He submitted that he had not concluded the loan contracts with any fraudulent intention and that he was taking steps to compensate for the damage caused. He therefore contested the court’s reasoning that he would abscond or evade the criminal proceedings. On 6 April 1995 the Plzeň Regional Court rejected the complaint, upholding the applicant’s detention on remand pursuant to Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The court noted that the applicant had been convicted in the past, risked a heavy prison sentence, had allegedly profited from his criminal acts (CZK 260,000,000), had personal and business contacts abroad and was an alcoholic.
35On 12 May 1995 the applicant lodged a new request for release, maintaining his innocence and offering as guarantor a Georgian national. On 15 May 1995 the District Court dismissed his request, stating that, having regard to the seriousness of the criminal offence with which the applicant had been charged, any surety proposed by him was unacceptable. On 26 June 1995 the Regional Court upheld this decision.
36On 3 October 1995 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s further request for release.
37On 7 November 1995 the Regional Court rejected the applicant’s request for release of 24 October 1995. The court referred to its previous decisions relating to the applicant’s detention and added that his health problems did not, in themselves, constitute a reason for his release when one of the reasons for his detention still applied. The applicant lodged a complaint against this decision, contending that the threat of a lengthy prison sentence and his contacts abroad could not in themselves justify the fear that he would abscond, in particular since his passport had been seized by the authorities. He stressed that, before the criminal prosecution had officially been brought, he had not shown any intention to abscond or evade the proceedings. On 24 January 1996 the High Court rejected the applicant’s complaint.
38On 30 April 1996 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s request for release submitted on 16 April 1996. On 18 July 1996 the High Court upheld the Regional Court’s dismissal.
39On 8 November 1996 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s further request for release referring to the reasons given in its previous decisions. On 25 November 1996 the High Court dismissed the applicant’s complaint against this decision. As to his claim that the Regional Court had not considered the reasons for his detention on remand but had just referred to its previous decisions, it emphasised that the Regional Court was not required to repeat the facts which had already been sufficiently elaborated in its previous decisions, when the applicant’s arguments and the reasons for his detention remained unchanged.
40On 22 January 1997 the applicant submitted another request for release, claiming that his health problems were incompatible with his continued detention and excluded any risk of his absconding. On 6 February 1997 the Regional Court dismissed the request, stating that the reasons for the applicant’s detention remained unchanged and that the applicant’s health was not jeopardised by his remand in custody, as confirmed by the report of the prison health centre (zdravotní středisko věznice) of 30 January 1997.
41On 9 July 1997 the applicant’s further request for release was dismissed by the Regional Court.
42On 29 September 1997 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s last request for release. On 21 October 1997 the High Court rejected his complaint against this decision.
43On 27 June 1996 the applicant lodged a constitutional appeal (ústavní stížnost) with the Constitutional Court (Ústavní soud) against the Supreme Court’s decision of 12 June 1996, by which his detention on remand had been extended until 30 November 1996. He complained in particular that his continued detention on remand was not justified and that the Supreme Court had not dealt with the case properly when examining the existence of reasons for extending his detention. He invoked Article 8 § 5 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Listina základních práv a svobod).
44On 11 October 1996 the Constitutional Court rejected the applicant’s appeal. The court accepted that the risk of a lengthy prison sentence could not constitute the sole ground for detention on remand. It stated, however, that in the applicant’s case there were other facts justifying the fear of his absconding, and held that the applicant’s state of health did not exclude this possibility. It referred to two medical reports of 17 May and 10 September 1996.
45On 7 February 1997 the applicant introduced a second constitutional appeal, this time against the decision of the Supreme Court of 19 December 1996 (see paragraph 23 above) upholding the decision to extend his detention on remand until 15 May 1997. He alleged violations of Article 5 §§ 1(c) and 3 and Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, in that the reasons for his detention invoked by the courts were not sufficient or relevant. He claimed inter alia that the decisions extending the detention were not based on the real facts of his case and that there was no justification for extending his detention beyond two years. He also claimed that the excessive workload of the court dealing with his case, the insufficient number of judges and administrative difficulties could not justify the delays in the proceedings.
46On 10 September 1997 the Constitutional Court dismissed the applicant’s second constitutional appeal as being manifestly ill-founded. However, it found that the Plzeň Regional Court and Prague Regional Court had infringed the principle of the economy of proceedings in that they had been unable to resolve the question of their geographical jurisdiction. It also considered that, in general, the delays in the proceedings could not be justified by the applicant’s regular requests for release. The court stated, nevertheless, that in the present case not all of the applicant’s requests had been reasonable. It held that the case was particularly complex and that the reasons for the applicant’s detention continued to apply. The court noted that the decisions extending the applicant’s detention beyond two years had been taken in accordance with Article 71 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and that it was clear from the evidence available that these decisions had been taken on the basis of the facts established at the material time. The court concluded that the length of the applicant’s detention on remand, extended until 15 May 1997, could not be considered unreasonable within the meaning of Articles 5 § 3 and 6 § 1 of the Convention.
47On 25 July 1997 the applicant introduced a third constitutional appeal against the decision of the High Court of 12 May 1997, as confirmed by the Supreme Court on 6 June 1997 (see paragraph 26 above), by which his detention had been extended until 30 October 1997. He alleged violations of Articles 5 § 3 and 6 § 1 of the Convention.
48On 17 February 1998 the applicant lodged a fourth constitutional appeal, this time against the decision of the Supreme Court of 14 January 1998, claiming that there was no reason to extend his detention on remand beyond two years, in violation of his rights guaranteed by Article 5 §§ 1(c) and 3 and Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. He submitted that his criminal case was not complex, that the delays in the proceedings could not be explained by the overwhelming workload of the courts or by the fact that he had used his right to request release. Rather the courts had conducted the proceedings in an inappropriate manner, including their dispute over territorial competence.
49On 17 March 1999 the Constitutional Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal. It recalled its findings in its previous decisions and considered that, even though the court of first instance had not proceeded in accordance with the principle of the economy of proceedings after the applicant’s indictment, it could not be said that the applicant’s constitutional rights and freedoms had been breached.
50On the same day, the Constitutional Court also rejected, as manifestly ill-founded, the applicant’s third constitutional appeal. The court found that it was similar to his previous constitutional appeals and did not contain any new arguments supporting his allegations of a violation of his constitutional rights and freedoms.
51The relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure read as follows:
Article 67
“An accused person may be remanded in custody only if there exist specific grounds to believe that he
a) will abscond in order to evade prosecution or punishment, in particular if his identity cannot be immediately established, if he has no permanent residence or if he is under the threat of a heavy punishment; … .”
52Article 68 provides that only an accused person may be remanded in custody. The relevant decision shall be issued by a court or, at the pre-trial stage, by a judge upon a proposal made by the public prosecutor. It must be justified by the particular circumstances of the case.
53Pursuant to Article 71 § 1, the competent authorities shall give priority to cases involving a person’s detention on remand and deal with them as speedily as possible.
54Under Article 72 § 2, an accused person is entitled to request his release at any time. Decisions on such requests are to be taken without delay. In case of dismissal, a request for release may be re-introduced 14 days after the relevant decision has become binding if it is based on the same reasons.
55Article 71 § 3 provides that an accused person’s detention on remand shall not exceed two years. If it is not possible, because of the complexity of the matter or for other serious reasons, to complete the criminal proceedings within this period, and if the release of the accused person would jeopardise or substantially complicate the achievement of the aim of the proceedings, the High Court may extend the detention for the necessary period.
56Under Article 71 § 4, a person’s detention on remand shall not exceed three years. In cases of particularly serious offences, within the meaning of Article 41 § 2 of the Criminal Code, the maximum period of detention on remand is four years.
57Article 167 provides that the accused person and the victim have the right to request the public prosecutor at any time during the investigation to eliminate delays or any defect in the investigation procedure. The public prosecutor must deal with the request immediately.
58Article 18 provides for criminal proceedings to be brought before the court in the region where the offence was committed.
59Article 188 § 1(a) provides that, after a preliminary hearing, a court should transfer the case to another court if it is not competent to deal with the case itself.
60Under Article 192, if the accused person is remanded in custody, the court holding a preliminary hearing must also decide on the person’s continued detention.
61The applicant complained of the length of his detention on remand and alleged a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, which provides:
“Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1(c) of this article … shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.”
1Period to be taken into consideration
62The Court may examine under Article 5 § 3 the length of the applicant’s detention between 19 May 1994 and 7 November 1997, i.e. from the moment when he was remanded in custody, until the delivery of the Regional Court’s judgment (see the Wemhoff v. Germany judgment of 27 June 1968, Series A no. 7, p. 23, § 9). The period to be taken into consideration therefore lasted three years, five months and nineteen days.
2Reasonableness of the length of detention
63The applicant submitted that the length of his detention on remand could not be regarded as justified for the purposes of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention. He claimed that neither the risk of a lengthy prison sentence, nor his various contacts abroad, constituted relevant reasons for keeping him in custody under Article 67(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, or for extending his detention beyond two years pursuant to Article 71 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
64The Government maintained that the reasons relied on in the national courts’ decisions were sufficient and that the national courts decided to remand the applicant in custody and to extend his detention for the required period, concluding that the public interest prevailed over respect for the applicant’s personal liberty. The Government considered that the length of the applicant’s detention on remand was reasonable within the meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.
65The Court recalls that the issue of whether a period of detention is reasonable cannot be assessed in abstracto. Whether it is reasonable for an accused to remain in detention must be assessed in each case according to its special features. Continued detention can be justified in a given case only if there are specific indications of a genuine requirement of public interest which, notwithstanding the presumption of innocence, outweighs the rule of respect for individual liberty (see, among other authorities the W. v. Switzerland judgment of 26 January 1993, Series A no. 254-A, p. 15, § 30).
It falls in the first place to the national judicial authorities to examine the circumstances for or against the existence of such an imperative interest, and to set them out in their decisions on the applications for release. It is essentially on the basis of the reasons given in these decisions, and of the facts established by the applicant in his appeals, that the Court is called upon to decide whether or not there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see the Punzelt v. the Czech Republic judgment of 25 April 2000, Third Section, § 73; the Český v. the Czech Republic judgment of 6 June 2000, Third Section, § 75).
66The persistence of reasonable suspicion that the person arrested has committed an offence is a condition sine qua non for the lawfulness of the continued detention, but after a certain lapse of time it no longer suffices. In such cases, the Court must establish whether the other grounds given by the judicial authorities continued to justify the deprivation of liberty. Where such grounds were “relevant” and “sufficient”, the Court must also ascertain whether the competent national authorities displayed “special diligence” in the conduct of the proceedings (see the Contrada v. Italy judgment of 24 August 1998, Reports 1998-V, p. 2185, § 54, and the I.A. v. France judgment of 23 September 1998, Reports 1998-VII, p. 2978, § 102).
67The Court notes that the applicant was arrested and remanded in custody on a suspicion, originally based on documentary evidence and later supported by other material evidence, that he had committed the offence of fraud causing substantial losses. In these circumstances, the Court considers that there existed a reasonable suspicion that the applicant had committed an offence.
68As to the grounds for continued detention, the national courts relied on the complexity of the investigation, the seriousness of the charges and the danger that the proceedings would be obstructed if the applicant were released due to the risk of his absconding.
69As regards the risk of the applicant’s absconding, the national courts referred, in particular, to the facts that the applicant was charged with a serious offence, that he risked a lengthy prison sentence and that, if he absconded to Germany and obtained German citizenship, his extradition to the Czech Republic for trial would be impossible. Moreover, the applicant had already been convicted in the past, had numerous contacts abroad and was greatly in debt in the Czech Republic.
70In the Court’s view, this reasoning is “sufficient” and “relevant” to justify the deprivation of liberty.
71As regards the conduct of the proceedings by the national authorities, the Court notes that almost eleven months elapsed between remanding the applicant in custody and charging him with ten further acts of fraud. The Government have not explained the length of this period, apart from a general argument that the case was complex.
72Almost seven more months then elapsed between the preferring of the indictment on 19 September 1995 and the preliminary hearing before the Plzeň Regional Court on 11 April 1996, at the end of which the court decided to send the case back to the Regional Prosecutor for further investigations and the taking of evidence. Nearly a further eight months elapsed between the High Court’s decision of 18 July 1996, quashing the Regional Court’s decision of 11 April 1996, and 12 March 1997 when the first substantive hearing before the Regional Court took place. This period can only in part be explained by the two month dispute between the Plzeň Regional Court and the Prague Regional Court concerning their geographical jurisdiction to deal with the applicant’s case (see paragraph 14 above).
Subsequently, in April 1997 the Plzeň Regional Court adjourned three other hearings. As a result, the Regional Court delivered its judgment after a period of another six months. This period does not, viewed alone, appear to be excessive, as during this time the national authorities had to take the further evidence proposed by the applicant and to hear additional witnesses who appeared important after the applicant had changed the strategy of his defence and had revealed new facts (see paragraph 25 above).
73Nevertheless, having regard to the circumstances of the case as a whole, the Court finds that “special diligence” was not displayed in the conduct of the proceedings.
74Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention as a result of the length of the applicant’s detention on remand.
75The applicant further alleged that the criminal proceedings against him were unreasonably long. He relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant part of which provides:
“In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a ... hearing within a reasonable time by [a] ... tribunal ... .”
76The criminal proceedings against the applicant were brought on 19 May 1994, when he was charged with fraud, and ended on 26 March 1998 when the High Court delivered the final decision. Accordingly, the period to be taken into consideration lasted three years, ten months and seven days.
77The reasonableness of the length of proceedings is to be assessed in the light of the particular circumstances of the case, regard being had to the criteria laid down in the Court’s case-law, in particular the complexity of the case, the applicant’s conduct and the conduct of the competent authorities (see the Pélissier and Sassi v. France judgment of 25 March 1999, to be published in the Court’s official reports, § 67; and the Philis v. Greece (no. 2) judgment of 27 June 1997, Reports 1997-IV, p. 1083, § 35).
78The applicant maintained that the excessive workload of the Regional Court, the insufficient number of judges, administrative difficulties and the fact that the court had to deal with his requests for release submitted in the course of the investigation, did not justify the delay in the proceedings.
79The Government contended that the applicant’s criminal case was handled by the domestic courts within a reasonable time, that the case was complex and that the applicant had contributed to the length of the proceedings at first instance by submitting new facts which he had deliberately not mentioned during the investigation and which had, therefore, to be verified by further evidence, and by proposing, during the substantive hearing, that further witnesses be heard (see paragraph 25 above). They also maintained that the applicant had submitted his requests for release at very short intervals without modifying his arguments.
80The Court considers that the case was of some complexity due to the character of the applicant’s charges, which involved several financial and commercial companies, and to the fact that additional charges were brought against him in the course of the investigation. However, this cannot, in itself, justify the overall length of the criminal proceedings.
81As to the applicant’s conduct, the Court notes that he contributed to the length of the proceedings in that, in particular, he changed his defence strategy during the substantive hearing in April 1997, which then required a hearing of further witnesses living in Germany who were heard by the German authorities in May 1997. The applicant had acknowledged that he had voluntarily suppressed certain facts upon the advice of his legal representative. Moreover, the substantive hearing had to be adjourned on 11 September 1997 until 7 November 1997, as the applicant proposed the taking of additional evidence.
However, the Court recalls that Article 6 does not require accused persons actively to co-operate with the judicial authorities. Neither can any reproach be levelled against them for making full use of the remedies available under domestic law. Nonetheless, such conduct constitutes an objective fact, not capable of being attributed to the respondent State, which is to be taken into account when determining whether or not the proceedings exceeded a “reasonable time” (see the I.A. v. France judgment of 23 September 1998, Reports 1998-VII, pp. 2984-2985, § 121, and the Eckle v. Germany judgment of 15 July 1982, Series A no. 51, p. 36, § 82). In the present case, even if the applicant may be considered on that account to be responsible for some of the delays, this cannot justify the total duration of the proceedings (see, mutatis mutandis, the Ledonne v. Italy judgment of 12 May 1999, to be published in the Court’s official reports, § 25; the Portington v. Greece judgment of 23 September 1998, Reports, 1998-VI, p. 2632, § 29, and the Zana v. Turkey judgment of 25 November 1997, Reports 1997-VII, p. 2552, § 79).
82As to the conduct of the national authorities, the Court notes that almost six months elapsed between 19 May 1994, the date on which the applicant’s detention on remand was ordered, and 26 October 1994, the date on which the applicant was charged with ten further offences of fraud. Although the ensuing period of almost eleven months which elapsed between the preferment of the additional charges and 19 September 1995 (the date on which the applicant was formally indicted) could be, to some extent, explained by the necessity of hearing further witnesses and gathering supplementary documentary evidence, the Court does not consider that this affords a full explanation for the length of this period.
The Court notes that there were three further periods the length of which has not been justified by the State’s authorities: the period of over six months between 19 September 1995 (the date on which the applicant was formally indicted) and 11 April 1996 (the date on which the preliminary hearing took place); the period of nearly eight months between the decision of the High Court on 18 July 1996 quashing the decision of the Regional Court to send the case back to the Regional Prosecutor and the first substantive hearing before the Plzeň Regional Court held on 12 March 1997; and the period of more than four months between 7 November 1997 (the date on which the applicant was convicted) and 26 March 1998 (the date of the High Court’s judgment upon the applicant’s appeal).
83The Government have not provided any convincing explanation for these delays. In these circumstances, the Court finds that the period of three years, ten months and seven days, considering the case as a whole, failed to satisfy the “reasonable time” requirement. There has accordingly been a breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention.
84Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
85The applicant claimed CZK 10,000,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage for his physical and psychological suffering, distress and discomfort during the time he spent in detention on remand, and for the unreasonable length of the criminal proceedings.
86The Government submitted that the applicant’s claims were disproportionate and unsubstantiated.
87The Court considers that the applicant suffered non-pecuniary prejudice which is not wholly compensated by the finding of a violation of Articles 5 § 3 and 6 § 1 of the Convention. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant CZK 100,000.
88The applicant claimed CZK 550,000 in respect of the costs and expenses he had incurred in the proceedings before the national courts and later before the Convention organs.
89The Government contended that the applicant’s claims were unreasonable and disproportionate. They submitted that national law limits a lawyer’s fee for a constitutional appeal against a remand decision to CZK 1,000. The Government also contended that the applicant had not submitted any documentary evidence of his costs and expenses before the domestic courts or the Convention organs.
90The Court recalls that, in order for costs to be included in an award under Article 41 of the Convention, it must be established that they were actually and necessarily incurred, and reasonable as to quantum (see among other authorities the Nikolova v. Bulgaria judgment of 25 March 1999, to be published in the Court’s official reports, § 79). In the present case, on the basis of the information in its possession and the above-mentioned criteria, the Court observes that there is nothing in the file to suggest that the applicant has incurred before the domestic courts any extra costs and expenses because of the length of the proceedings.
As to the fees constituting expenses necessarily incurred in seeking redress for the violations of the Convention which the Court has found, and as to the legal costs and expenses incurred before the Convention organs, the Court considers that CZK 100,000 is a reasonable sum, and awards the applicant that amount.
91According to the information available to the Court, the statutory rate of interest applicable in the Czech Republic at the date of adoption of the present judgment is 10% per annum.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
1Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention ;
2Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention ;
3. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final according to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts :
(i) 100,000 (one hundred thousand) Czech crowns in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(ii) 100,000 (one hundred thousand) for costs and expenses ;
(b) that simple interest at an annual rate of 10% shall be payable from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement ;
4Dismisses the remainder of the applicant’s claims for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 31 July 2000, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
S. Dollé J.-P. Costa
Registrar President
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